109 COMPETITION LAW of e-marketplaces’ commercial practices. The Report aims to provide appropriate policy recommendations regarding such practices as well. In this framework, the Report examines the concept of e-commerce and the related e-marketplace model in its first section. In this section, the development of e-commerce and the effects of COVID-19 on this development are also covered. In the second section, the business models of two globally important e-marketplaces, Amazon and Alibaba, are examined. Then in the third section, the current dynamics of e-marketplaces in Turkey are discussed. In this third section, the market shares of the undertakings, their concentration in the relevant markets and the concept of market power are analyzed. The fourth section consists of findings pertaining to various market disruptions along with explanations of the economic characteristics of e-marketplaces. The Competition Authority’s considerations concerning the operation and development of e-marketplaces and the current structure of competition in the market are also touched upon in this section. The fifth section is the section in which competition problems are assessed under three main headings: issues having the potential to hinder cross-platform competition, issues having the potential to hinder intra-platform competition, and consumer concerns. These competitive concerns are also divided into sub-headings. Issues having the potential to hinder cross-platform competition are analyzed under the following sub-headings: (i) most favored customer conditions (ii) exclusivity (iii) practices limiting multiple access on the consumer and seller side Issues having the potential to hinder intra-platform competition are analyzed under the following sub-headings: (i) discrimination between sellers operating in the marketplace (ii) product and seller rankings of the marketplaces (iii) data collected by the marketplaces
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